Search 47 English-language BaghdadiLaw articles and guides on contracts, commercial disputes, arbitration, employment, enforcement, property, investment, and family matters. Identify the country and topic first; articles provide general information, while advice depends on the facts, documents, and current law.
A valid signature does not necessarily mean that the contract is valid. Under Syrian law, an action for verification of signature concerns the attribution of a signature to its alleged signer, while an action for validation of contract examines the contract itself, its validity, enforceability, and legal effects.
Read article →In Syria, an irrevocable power of attorney may protect a buyer’s interest and support a claim to enforce a sale, but it does not by itself transfer registered real estate ownership. The legal effect depends on the wording of the power of attorney, the right it was issued to secure, and completion of registration proced
Declaring a missing person deceased under Syrian law: the applicable conditions, legal effects, judicial precedents, and the limits of judicial interpretation when a person’s fate remains unknown.
Revocation of a gift under Syrian law may occur by mutual agreement or through the courts, subject to recognized grounds and legal impediments. The legal outcome also depends on whether the transaction was truly a gift or a sale concealed behind a gift contract.
Sale with redemption in Syrian law: the invalidity of the transaction, methods of proof, and the limits of limitation. Disputes arise when financing is structured as a sale, transferring ownership while preserving the seller’s right to recover the property after repaying the amount received.
A bill of exchange under Syrian law is more than a written acknowledgment of debt. Learn how it creates legal obligations, supports direct enforcement, and why you should understand every detail before signing.
Under Syrian law, claiming that a document was signed in blank does not, by itself, invalidate the document or the obligation it contains. The key issue is whether the signer can prove that the information added later exceeded or contradicted the authority given to the other party.
When does taking possession of real estate become a criminal offense under Syrian law? Article 723 of the Syrian Penal Code addresses the unlawful seizure of property held by another person, including cases where the offender has no official title to ownership or disposal. Syrian Court of Cassation decisions clarify th
Under Syrian law, an oral lease is not necessarily invalid or terminable at will. The key issues are proving the tenancy, its rent, its duration, and the lawful procedure for eviction.
A seizure notice recorded on a property’s cadastral record can prevent ordinary dealings with the property. Syrian law provides several routes for cancelling it, depending on the type, basis, and issuing authority of the seizure.
Under Syrian law, usufruct separates ownership of the bare title from the right to use and enjoy the property. The owner retains the bare title, while the usufructuary may use and exploit the property during the usufruct period.
A restriction on disposal recorded on a Syrian property register may freeze transactions without extinguishing the underlying right. Before buying or dealing with the property, its legal source, scope, and removal requirements must be verified.
A signed contract is not always a valid contract. Under Syrian law, lack of capacity, coercion, an unlawful subject or cause, and other legal defects may lead to annulment or nullity—as if the contract never existed.
A later power of attorney does not necessarily retroactively validate a procedural step taken by someone who lacked the required legal capacity at the time. This commentary explains why the timing of authority and procedural compliance matters, particularly in commercial appeals.
Under Syrian law, entitlement actions protect third parties whose property or real rights are affected by attachment and enforcement. This article explains the distinction between primary and ancillary entitlement actions, jurisdiction, deadlines, and requests to suspend sale.
When does silence constitute acceptance under Syrian law? This article explains the general rule and the exceptions governing contract formation, including prior dealings, commercial custom, the nature of the transaction, and offers made solely for the recipient’s benefit.
Presumptions and their role in evidence under Syrian law: truth is not always established by direct evidence. In many disputes, a combination of circumstances and conduct may logically lead to a conclusion about the disputed fact.
Judicial and non-judicial admissions can decisively affect the burden of proof. This legal overview explains their distinction, evidentiary force, validity requirements, non-severability, and practical effect under Syrian Evidence Law.
When a conversation becomes evidence: email and WhatsApp messages may help prove agreements, debt acknowledgments, payment demands, delivery of goods, and other matters before Syrian courts. Their evidentiary value depends on verifying their source, integrity, context, and connection to the other evidence.
Commercial books can help establish rights and obligations in Syrian commercial disputes. This article discusses required records, regularity, evidence against or in favour of a trader, court production and electronic accounting.
A creditor may waive an express termination clause through later conduct. This article examines Syrian Civil Code Article 159, late performance, notice, reservations of rights and the distinction from judicial termination.
Third-party objections under Syrian law protect a person whose rights are affected by a judgment in proceedings to which they were not a party. This article explains standing, procedure, suspension of enforcement and the scope of relief.
Can a party refuse to perform a contract if the other party has not performed its obligation? Under Syrian law, a binding contract creates reciprocal obligations: each party becomes both a creditor and a debtor. But what happens when one contracting party demands performance while failing to perform the corresponding o
How a Chief Legal Officer organizes contracts, governance and disputes for operations in Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Syria, and how external counsel responsibilities are agreed.
A general and comprehensive template drafted in a customizable format according to the nature of the relationship between the parties and the purpose of disclosure. This Agreement is entered into on: ____ / ____ / ______ G, by and
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franchise Agreement (Sample) Between the following parties: First Party (Franchisor): Name / Company: …………………………………………………………… Address: ……………………………………………………………………… Commercial Registration / License No.: …………………………………… Represented b
Termination of Employment and Unlawful Dismissal in Saudi Arabia: Rights and Obligations under the New Labor Law Ending an employment contract or dismissing an employee is one of the most critical issues that both employers and em
Introduction Saudi Arabia today is not just an investment market but a fully integrated legal and economic environment attracting leading global companies. With the implementation of the New Foreign Investment Law (2025) , foreign
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A commercial contract is the fundamental document that governs the relationship between the contracting parties and defines the rights and obligations that each party must adhere to. Drafting a commercial contract that ensures the
Corporate bankruptcy is a sensitive and complex issue that requires careful and strategic handling to minimize losses. Bankruptcy occurs when a company finds itself unable to meet its financial obligations to creditors and supplie
A Comprehensive Guide to Making the Best Decision: Arbitration is one of the alternative methods for resolving legal disputes outside of traditional courts. It allows the disputing parties to choose a neutral arbitrator or an arbi
There are several types of cooperation agreements that can be established between a local company and a foreign company, allowing both to benefit from each other's expertise and markets. Below are some common types of cooperation
Commercial agencies play a vital role in enhancing trade and investment within Saudi Arabia. They enable international companies to access the Saudi market through authorized local agents, facilitating the marketing and sale of in
Franchises are a popular way of expanding businesses, where the franchisor grants another party (the franchisee) the right to use its brand and business system in exchange for certain fees. To regulate the process of franchising i
The Saudi Premium Residency program, launched as part of the Saudi Vision 2030, aims to attract talent and foreign investments. Below are its most important features: 1. Residence Without a Sponsor (Kafeel) Holders of the Premium
A supply contract outlines the terms and conditions governing the supply of goods or services between a supplier and a buyer. Below are the key clauses that should be included to ensure clarity, transparency, and compliance with l
Compensation in Saudi law is a crucial legal principle, derived from Islamic Sharia and modern legal systems, including the Law of Judicial Procedures and relevant civil and criminal regulations. To grant compensation, three essen
A contract of work, also known as "Muqawala," is one of the essential contracts in the Saudi legal system. It is an agreement between two parties, one known as the contractor and the other as the client or employer, where the cont
Introduction: The Saudi Companies Law is one of the advanced regulations designed to organize business activities within the Kingdom, aligning with Saudi Vision 2030, which aims to enhance the business environment and support the
Introduction: A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is one of the most common legal forms of business in Saudi Arabia due to the legal protection it offers its owners, and the ease of its establishment and management. This type of com
Arbitration is one of the most significant alternative dispute resolution methods, providing disputing parties with a flexible and efficient framework for resolving their conflicts outside the traditional court system. In recent y
Introduction: With the development of the Saudi economy and the opening of doors for foreign investment as part of Vision 2030, establishing foreign companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has become increasingly attractive to in
Introduction : The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most attractive investment destinations globally, thanks to its growing economy and ambitious goals under Vision 2030. The country offers several investment advantages, maki
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Contracts, companies, partnerships, and commercial claims.
→02Arbitration clauses, procedure, mediation, and enforcement.
→03Project contracts, delay, claims, ownership, and leases.
→04Formation, licensing, investment, and cross-border matters.
→05Contracts, wages, termination, and employment compensation.
→06Judgments, instruments, debt recovery, and objections.
→07Decisions, licensing, review, and administrative claims.
→08Divorce, custody, maintenance, inheritance, and family rights.
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